throughout America's involvement in
space exploration the importance of the
human element has become clear the human
beings ability to reconfigure repair and
in general to react to unforeseen
experiment conditions is still
unsurpassed by any existing automatic
system with each spaceflight NASA
astronauts have gathered a wealth of
information and operational experience
in a wide variety of scientific areas
astronauts must understand both the
science and the capabilities and
limitations of the spacecraft as a
result science and operations have
become intimately linked and should not
be developed separately
today America's space shuttle provides
continued access to near-earth space for
science this vehicle is an excellent
platform for research and
experimentation in a multitude of
disciplines scientists and engineers on
the shuttle crew must actively
participate in scientific planning and
implementation not as mere operators but
as frontline investigators who possess
an optimum balance of scientific and
operational knowledge six of these crew
members are part of the astronaut
offices newly created science support
group their objective is to aid future
scientists and payload designers in
perfecting their flight hard work in
order to profit more bullying from the
human capabilities of the shuttle crew
we will now hear from the astronauts
space shuttle is a unique laboratory and
platform for example it allows us to
study the effects of gravity on through
behavior in place simply not possible
from ground-based facilities it is much
like a great experimental laboratories
of the world hello my name is Bonnie
Dunbar I'm a material scientist an
engineer with a background in biomedical
and canary
in October of 1985 I who as a mission
specialist on a space shuttle mission
dedicated to material science and life
time just as we hope the profits from
the lessons learned and ground-based
agility showing us profits from the
insights and lessons learned of
spaceflight missions the space shuttle
contains three physical areas for
scientific experiments and technology
development the flight deck is the
commanding spokesman of the orbiter from
this position panels and displays
control payloads in the payload a
experiments on the mid-deck and in the
spacelab are not controlling this
position mid deck which was originally
designed at the living area for the crew
has been utilized for Locker size
experiments these require limited power
from the orbiters the integration time
maybe less for these experiments that
they also must provide their own cooling
sentence and data processing usual no
down lease data is available so two
members work closely to the
experimenters from monitors hardware and
to include the scientific research
the Space Lab is can only facility
designed specifically to pressurize
experimentation while a shuttle flight
may carry only a few experiments
Spacelab slides can carry up to as many
as 100 they stop flights are dedicated
primary payload if they fly up to 10
days to keep working and shift
operations for 24 hours today
from the moment that the lab was
activated on SPF 50 1a it was clear
investigators representing the more than
100 experiments on board were anxiously
awaiting the video down even if their
experiments are completely automated in
fact he be allowed the ground observe
the activity for the speed so the
communication between to be made to
enhance the efficiency of activity not
conceded the onboard procedures with
very few in the three years training
period extension however there were
occasions where the ground scientists
altered rivers new procedures based on
preliminary results we observed by way
at the gallery
the use of liquid fluid procurement
whether they be low or high temperatures
has not only builded value than the
inside and too acidic but has presented
design problems well many experiments
and hardware have suffered from
surprises 2g spectrum mrs. Weddington a
guerilla marketing environment
experimenters and liquids should be
evaluated in ground-based facilities
such as the kc-135 hero jean-eric aft
car shuttle flights in addition it
spills or inadvertent wedding occur in
cleaning methods and internal access to
the design developed prior to flight low
viscosity liquids are more susceptible
to mechanical disturbances so
restrictions to both true and orbiter
motion should be articulated early in
the flight planning process recent
flight experience is also demonstrated
that is more efficient cost-effective
automate only when a process is secure
for example on this slide the true
routine rates change material samples in
high-temperature furniture rather than
rely and mechanized sample of changes
this allowed alterations in the sample
sequence and timelines change who
sympathizes in flight leader
additionally more samples process
information to them present automated
Taylor
face lab has also allowed to use a glove
boxes for handling contaminants such as
transferring fixative and working with
blood samples however as shown here
conversation with the crews to be
limited and two-handed operations are
required true and must not interrupt
operation in order to install in-flight
maintenance has been an important part
of science operations over forty percent
of experiment hardware has failed in
first flight most has been recovered
who's who in events hardware should be
designed with potential repair in
I'm ra7 I'm a physician who first clue
aboard the space shuttle discovery in
April 1985 I have a particular interest
in space life sciences any life sciences
experiments require humans in space as
operator subject observer scientists and
repair man but it must be remembered
that humans are not machines in this
vestibular experiment changes in the
perception of motion zero-gravity are
being studied however the spinning chair
may cause disorientation vertigo and
motion sickness that may impact the next
experiment the time-lock experiments
must be integrated so they don't
interfere with one another both Kapoor
comfort and clean science return counter
measures to maintain muscle and bone
strength in space must be devised
however exercise to the point of extreme
fatigue may be great performance after
its completion the proper rest periods
are not allowed this is especially food
for all pre and post flight testing
in this vestibular experiment a crewman
has taken the place of a machine to make
motion inputs this may permit an
experiment to be flown that would
otherwise be too complex for costly to
automate in addition it is much easier
to ask a human for modify a protocol
than to reprogram a machine that is
orbiting the earth when a human is a
subject as in this test of leg reflexes
he or she may need to be heavily
instrument who inputs early can help to
integrate this equipment with other
orbiter crew worn hardware flying
animals in space promises to provide us
with a great deal of information
unobtainable and humans but
accommodating animals is a new
technology who people can be very
helpful in this type of hardware
development and pre-flight evaluation in
flight observation and with on-the-spot
repair if the crew is expected to be
caretakers for other living species
their input into equipment design and
procedures is critical
plants are also intriguing for study in
space to understand gravity receptor
function but many of the plant or animal
samples require fixation during the
flight for later study on the ground
however fixative the plant and animal
tissues can also fix humans in this
scene fixative is being transferred
between two containers there are rules
that chemicals such as formaldehyde must
be triple contained so that if there are
breaks in one or two of the containers
the crew will not be exposed to the
chemical this is especially important
than zero g since materials tend to
float around the cabin and may get into
eyes will be inhaled or swallowed when
humans are used as subjects sometimes
sterilization of equipment is needed you
can see the many small pieces that must
be located in unwrapped and connected to
do this blood place since sampling
through blood is such an important
aspect of many life sciences experiments
this hardware has evolved over time into
a well-organized system however war
could still be done to assemble
component of free flight speed
procedures and eliminate some of the
sterile overlaps which generate a great
deal of paper craigs
it is possible to modify off-the-shelf
medical diagnostic equipment such as
this echocardiographic see so that it
can fly in a locker on the river in this
case crew input on hardware design and
operations was solicited early in the
design and contributed to a very
successful flight which brought back
some of the first pictures of the
functioning human parking space so
humans are vital not only as subjects
but as scientists who can assist in
experiment design and make direct
observations of the flight paths
hello I'm Jeff Hoffman my background is
in astrophysics I'm going to talk to you
about the great variety of experiments
that we can do in the trouble or be and
show you some of the equipment that you
need to carry out though he found it is
often possible to use run building
equipment in case experiments
introducing additional flexibility or
allowing for late planning but it is
important to make sure plan in advance
where these wouldn't you be used and how
it will be secure here is an example of
an inexpensive but effective way one
experiment disappear face white would be
impossible without Bell cone Grape Ape
this configuration is planned in the
first several time prior to flight and
the shuttle simulator in Houston PD is
one of the most common methods of
collecting visual data on experiments
both the post-flight analysis and for
real-time down Linkin to drown base
Thurman lighting is critical to obtain
good results photographic and TV
requirement to be playing barring
advantage of the flight and should be
rehearsed by the two working together
with the experiment gun from space
center person health and provide a lot
of support for its members we've not
familiar with NASA's photographic system
notice the things we take for granted
and lurk like table blind lead me out of
the way on the ground did not occur in
weightlessness tables have a memory of
their own and often get in the way of
operations it is necessary to plan
potato with strings and designing
experiments notice also that would seem
to be a fairly small experiment has by
the time that is all set up the cameras
and lighting taking over the entire
subtle mid deck that has occupied the
time of crew members never assume that
an experiment is so simple that it
carried out with no impact flight
operation
material science experiments are often
sensitive to orbiter acceleration such
as that caused by shuttle and inspiring
objects inside the shuttle completing
experimental apparatus must be secured
before engine under the effects of
engine firings on any experiments
involving liquid are quite impressive
similarly in the experiments requiring
jetfire have an effect on crew members
we may be trying to sleep clearly
experimental operations can not be found
without checking for compatibility the
total mission carmel the shuttle at the
capability of carrying out sophisticated
observations of the sun and astronomical
objects this infinite pointing system
smoothes out the shuttled residual
motion to provide arc second pointing
stability even without the IPS fine
astronomical photographs of course ha
such high magnification have been
obtained using time exposures with
cameras hard-mounted to settle certain
photographic equipment needs to be
shielded from stray light several crew
members have worked with NASA engineers
to develop this camera hood it is a
multi-purpose device and can be used for
many light field and applications
experimenters with special requirements
to talk with two representatives to see
how these kinetic
the crew spends a lot of home taking out
the window photographs often these are
used for scientific purposes
oceanography geology and urology and
ecology the proof can sometimes take
pictures on request of certain areas
scientists with potential earth
photographic requirements that contact
through representatives who can assist
him in obtaining archival photos or
perhaps in scheduling nude photography
were appropriate this shot of a team
member changing the role of movie film
is a good reminder that although it may
eventually be possible to automate many
tasks in space laboratories this time it
is often most efficient and
cost-effective you people this applies
to many areas of space investigations
too many times experiments have been
artificially limited in scope or invaded
collection capability because
experimenters did not realize the
flexibility they could obtain by using
human operators obviously crew time must
be used efficiently and it is not
normally make sense to ask a person
could be repetitive tasks that a
computer could do however when we
participation is called for astronauts
normally spend a lot of time with
experiment is planning how best to carry
out Phoenix stone
here is an example of how astronauts
participation in the potential failure
is success this paper transport
experiment is computer controlled and
was designed to operate autonomously
which is entirely appropriate under
normal circumstances if you member
assigned to carry out the expend spent a
lot of time with the experiment who's
during the last year before flight and
together they developed a way of
monitoring and possibly modifying this
operation using the small controller
visible here as often happens in space
where there's no convective cooling the
thermal environment was different from
what had been calculated three flights
and the automatic sequence would not
work the crew member working together
with scientists from the ground using
the controller is able to diagnose the
problem and manually operate the
apparatus this made the difference
between a failed experiment will be no
data success the crew members are going
to operate equipment it is important to
consider the effects of weightlessness
and communion operations notice that the
crew member is able to hold onto this
apparatus by squeezing with legs around
the sides this is perfectly acceptable
in his circumstance and illustrates the
novel ways people operate in space
compared to when the earth however
required operations took a long time his
legs would become fatigued a better body
with great system would be necessary
interaction between scientists from the
ground crew members in orbit be crucial
for the success of many experiments here
the onboard key member is examining the
crystal grown during the Spacelab flight
he sets up a shuttle TV camera to send
pictures down to scientists on the
ground the picture is available both on
the ground and in the shuttle so the few
members can discuss experimental results
in proceedings scientists on the ground
will both are looking at the singing
beta here the ground-based scientists
see the results of the crystal growing
experiment almost as soon as the
astronaut food they have far more time
available between 140 and have no
responsibilities for other experiments
therefore for the two members are
operating other experiments the
scientists in the ground can proceed
with detailed real-time analysis of
their data this may be you can modify
the protocol of subsequent flight
experiment carried out later in the
mission I'm Mary clue an environmental
engineer and the RMS operator on 61 be
the RMS remote manipulator system is a
Tele robotic arm and the payload bay of
the shuttle it is a valuable tool which
has been used for many pre-planned and
real time operations understanding
unique operating capabilities and
limitations of this system before
designing hardware that will interface
with it cannot be stressed enough here
we see a sink I'm satellite it didn't
activate properly after deployment in an
attempt to correct this problem the crew
working with grand engineers is able to
improvise using existing on board
materials a special tool that could be
attached to the RMS during a spacewalk
this tool was used to catch the
activation switch to ensure it had been
hung we copy we estimate we got a hard
physical contact or the bleep to attend
and we concur with that that was a great
job the RMS was designed to deploy our
three foreign objects this free flying
payload courier is supporting a mass
spectrometer on to other optical
scanners grapple fixtures should be
placed on free flying experiments in
case they may require on-orbit approval
servicing and or repair and you can see
if very smooth operation coming in at
the RMS very easily control oh and that
bothered self is very stable platform
the RMS was also used as a mobile work
cut from corfu man working outside of
the shuttle you can see the crew man
inside the cabin operating the RMS to
position a space-suited crewman running
a cable along a trust although the arm
was not designed for this purpose this
mode of operation because we're now
positive and really increase the
flexibility of operations in the payload
bay and above it ready to go up here
with the aid of Kelly robotics through
rendezvous with a non-functional
satellite prepared it and then
redeployed it for this test we use the
arm to position a crewman to manually
spin up and deploy the satellite after
the crew had repaired it although a
contingency operation this deployment
method was successful
the RMS can also be used positioned
larger structures here a large trust is
being manipulated to define how
manageable a task like this is this
experiment also highlights the benefits
of man manipulator interaction this
information is important to construction
casts on Space Station and other future
projects we have also used the arm
through damage satellites in conjunction
with replying crewmen on the manned
maneuvering unit this Kelly robotic
system can be used in both planned or
contingency operations of experiments
outside of the shuttle much more
effectively if proper considerations are
made during the experiments design phase
hi I'm Jerry Ross I'm going to talk to
you about space walks or EDA I have
worked various aspects of ETA almost
ever since the shuttle first flew in
fact I perform tevs myself on this test
51 be in 1985 to investigate space
construction techniques EBA provides
unique capabilities for operating
servicing fixing or assembling
spacecraft and experimental hardware
many uva's have already been conducted
on space shuttle mission utilizing these
capabilities several future satellites
are being designed for on-orbit
maintenance and servicing the space
station will be heavily dependent upon
EPA's for assembly and operation
payloads can request DBA to support
their requirement no more than te das
can be planned for a specific space
shuttle mission and each vba will have a
maximum duration at six hour ebas are
not normally planned before flight day
for and are not performed on the day
before reentry nor our ETA is normally
planned consecutively and ETA is at
least a three-person task with 2 eb a
crew person and at least one food person
that supports the EDA from inside the
orbiter crew coordination is essential
to avoid entanglement of feathers and
conflicts with orbiter operations such
as RMS community since EPA's do require
a large measure of the crews on orbit as
well as training time they should not be
planned or used in discriminatory
however when edas are contemplated there
are several factors to be considered
hardware that is being designed to
incorporate EBA task needs to be
designed such that an ensures safe
operation for the orbiter the uva crew
person and the spacecraft
to meet these requirements NASA safety
and your own safety and quality
assurance organization should be
involved from the earliest stages of the
design process the harbor should also be
designed to be can be a friendly
workstation should be properly
positioned and must provide adequate
restraints designs that minimize loose
parts utilize standard interfaces and
tools provide adequate marking and
indication and that utilize large
muscles which will help maximize
productivity of the BBA and help ensure
a successful operation insertive
timelines are used when planning the
yeas and whenever possible the
unexpected is anticipated and Becca
procedures are developed backup
procedures have been used on several
previous settle the age when some of the
hardware didn't pumpkin have planned
most of these problems could have been
avoided had the as flown configuration
of the spacecraft than adequately
document
ETA is a very unique undertaking that
has special considerations and
limitation the best and most effective
way to design for ETA is to establish an
early working relationship with the
Johnson Space Center and the astronaut
offices science report through some of
the most operationally demanded types of
research in doing space involved in use
of the orbiter itself as part of the
experimental apparatus the orbiter
becomes more than a payload carrier it
becomes an easier hello my name is
Franklin chang-diaz and I flew on
mission 61c onboard the space shuttle
for me my background is in plastic
physics and mechanical engineering and
I'd like to talk to you a bit about some
of the lessons we have learned and using
the orbiter as an experimental platform
there are three significant lessons
which must be considered by pelo
designers in preparing experiments to be
conducted outside the orbiter first we
must understand the outside environment
this is important as it will affect many
other free flying experiments and
disciplines ranging from microgravity
research remote sensing a partial
characterization of the near environment
was accomplished on Spacelab to during
the activities with the university of
iowa's plasma diagnostics package a PDP
the PDP is a probe to study the
properties and dynamics of the
ionospheric classroom using PDP
scientists can study the effects large
orbital vehicles like the show have on
there near environment the PDP can be
flown attached to the mechanical arm to
sample the near environment or as an
inertial and stabilized require to study
wake effects and electromagnetic
interactions with the classical media
the second lesson you have learned is
the importance of school involvement in
experiment definition planning and of
course execution the crew must
understand not just assigned by the
capabilities and limitations of the
vehicle which makes it possible for
example in the case of PDP the orbiter
is used to generate known disturbances
at precise points in space and time
precise alignment of the orbiter PDP
combination prior to release was crucial
and was a conflict by the crew through
controlled inputs to the orbiter and the
RMS to carry out the experiment the crew
performed an intricate set of maneuvers
around the bdp shown in the diagram this
operation produced a map of the plasma
weight structure because the orbiter
required a large number of maneuvers to
accomplish the science objectives the
crew devoted a great deal of time
planning and fine-tuning these maneuvers
to such an extent that without their
participation parts of the experiments
would have been impossible for example
in two of the orbital path leads the
orbiter was taken slightly out of the
orbital plane the intersect and connect
with your magnetic field line passing
through the PDP at a precise instant
these operations required critical than
burns and precise adequate maneuvers
using the orbiters reaction control
system
the third lesson we have learned is that
the unique capabilities of the orbiter
RMS combination to deploy and retrieve
scientific payloads give us access to a
much more quiet and pure environment
than the orbiter itself is provide these
capabilities should be utilize in future
experiment planet in now mature flying
technique which we call proximity
operations can be used in the skypes of
investigations it is being demonstrated
here during the recaptured maneuvers or
Disqus 01 sub satellite the crew uses
visual cues of the orbiters overhead
window during the deployment and
subsequent recapture of the payload it
requires a coordinated action of several
two members at once the value of human
beings as observers cannot be
overemphasized and time available can be
used productively for example being at
the right place at the right time
produced this spectacular low light
level motion pictures of the Aurora
Australis your imperious of high solar
activity astronauts acting as onboard
scientists could use handheld
instruments like spectrometers and
humans intensifiers to make a more
complete recording of this interesting
plasma phenomena these comments also
apply to another plasma process with
which we are infinitely familiar mainly
reentry for example handheld photography
reveal the interesting weight structures
which develop downstream as the orbiter
descent as the orbiter decelerates
through the atmosphere this pattern
sking and exhibit clones to the links
for those wanting to study this
phenomenon it is possible with early
crew involvement to plan simple
experiments with grew operated
instruments from inside the cabin the
knowledge gained from these observations
will help us understand the allowable
maneuver envelope of the shuttle
in addition it will enable us to design
better lightweight re-entry vehicles and
develop aerobraking techniques for
future orbit transfers vehicles and
interplanetary probes
the greatest advantage of human space
exploration is attuned to the unique
perspective astronauts can bring to the
operation in early involvement in the
science objectives their ability to
react to a known phenomena to
reconfigure experiments in real time and
repair those systems for sale this
approach using the orbiters test bed and
the goo is a critical interacting
element greatly enhances designed to get
return for each mission flown these
again lessons learned we are now
attempting to communicate them the
scientists halo designers working in
their laboratories to ensure that future
experiments are designed not a sealed
black boxes but as flexible elements
with human interaction the facilitate
gives the astronaut office has created
the science support group these
astronauts will combine their scientific
and operational skills to provide an
early interface with space scientists
and principal investigators to optimize
the design of operational scientific
hardware and to ensure its proper
integration in the space shuttle and the
space station